Oropharyngeal Cancers and HPV: What’s the Connection?

• You may know that the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) is tied to a higher risk of cancers of the cervix, vagina, penis, and anus. But HPV can also significantly raise the odds for oropharyngeal cancers—cancers in the back of the mouth and throat. And in recent years, cases of these cancers have increased. 

  Since the mid-2000s, oropharyngeal cancer rates in the U.S. have been rising by about 1% per year. And about 70% of those cancers are caused by HPV. 

  How HPV causes cancer 

  HPV is a group of more than 150 viruses that cause the growth of papillomas, or warts. Papillomas are noncancerous, and the majority of those who contract HPV never experience symptoms. HPV usually goes away on its own, without treatment, but, in some cases, it can become chronic. 

  Some subtypes of the HPV virus are more oncogenic (cancer-causing). If an infection with one of those types becomes chronic, they can affect cells and make proteins that can change cell DNA. That can cause the cells to grow uncontrollably—and potentially turn cancerous. 

  When HPV affects the cells in the mouth and throat, it can make changes that let those cells grow out of control. Cancers can form around the base of the tongue, the tonsils, the back roof of the mouth, and the posterior wall of the throat.

  How to stay protected 

  The best way to prevent HPV-related cancers is to prevent high-risk HPV infections. 

  It’s hard to avoid all types of HPV. The virus spreads through skin contact, most often during vaginal, anal or oral sexual activity. The risk is higher in people in people who have multiple partners, but HPV is very common. According to the American Cancer Society, most people who are sexually active will get at least one type of HPV at some point, even if they have only one sexual partner. 

  Condoms and other safer sex practices can help reduce the risk of HPV, but they don’t offer complete protection. HPV may be spread through contact with unprotected skin. And because HPV often has no symptoms, people can have it for years without knowing it. 

  That’s where the HPV vaccine comes in. While it doesn’t protect against every type of HPV, it can prevent about 90% of HPV-related cancers. That’s because the vaccine is effective against nine of the HPV types that are most likely to cause cancer—including the type linked to oropharyngeal cancer. 

  The American Cancer Society recommends that all girls and boys get two doses of the HPV vaccine between ages 9 and 12. Both boys and girls should be vaccinated. Oropharyngeal cancers occur twice as often in men as in women. And men who are vaccinated are also less likely to pass HPV to their partners. 

  The vaccine generates the strongest immune response in preteens, and it’s most effective if it’s received before you’re exposed to HPV. But catch-up doses are available. The American Cancer Society recommends that people ages 13 through 26 who haven’t been vaccinated get their shots as soon as possible. Teens and young adults need three doses. 

  If you’re over 26 and you weren’t vaccinated against HPV, ask your doctor for advice. The vaccine is available for adults through age 45. But it may not offer as much protection. No matter your vaccination status, discuss your risk for HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers with your doctor, and take steps to protect yourself. Ask about opportunities for head and neck cancer screenings—they can be performed in less than five minutes at a routine checkup or dental visit. 

  Be aware of possible signs of oropharyngeal cancer, too. If you notice a lump in your neck, throat soreness, ear pain, or pain while swallowing that continues for more than a few weeks, get it checked by a doctor or dentist. 

  Treating HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers 

  Head and neck cancers related to HPV tend to respond to treatment more readily compared to those primarily caused by other major risk factors, like smoking or heavy drinking. For some patients, surgery alone is enough. 

  A dedicated cancer center like Fox Chase will offer the most comprehensive options. At Fox Chase, you’ll benefit from a multidisciplinary approach. Experienced surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists work together to choose the right treatment plan for you—focusing on your long-term quality of life. 

  To schedule your consultation with a Fox Chase oncologist, call 888-369-2427 or request an appointment online.